#Chemistry zen 4 free#

European Food Saf Author 14:4367–4367įreire L, Sant’Ana AS (2018) Modified mycotoxins: an updated review on their formation, detection, occurrence, and toxic effects. Eur Food Saf Author 9:2197–2197ĮFSA (2016) Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for zearalenone and its modified forms. Toxicon 105:10–12ĮFSA (2011) Scientific opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. Chem Res Toxicol 27(11):1972–1978ĭrzymala SS, Binder J, Brodehl A et al (2015) Estrogenicity of novel phase I and phase II metabolites of zearalenone and cis-zearalenone. Food Chem Toxicol 99:9–16ĭrzymala SS, Herrmann AJ, Maul R, Pfeifer D, Garbe LA, Koch M (2014) In vitro phase I metabolism of cis-zearalenone. Does the mask truly hide? Toxicon 111:139–142ĭellafiora L, Galaverna G, Righi F, Cozzini P, Dall’Asta C (2017) Assessing the hydrolytic fate of the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside-a warning light for the need to look at the “maskedome”. Chem Res Toxicol 26(3):305–312ĭellafiora L, Perotti A, Galaverna G, Buschini A, Dall’Asta C (2016) On the masked mycotoxin zearalenone-14-glucoside. Vet J 165(3):214–220ĭall’Erta A, Cirlini M, Dall’Asta M, Del Rio D, Galaverna G, Dall’Asta C (2013) Masked mycotoxins are efficiently hydrolyzed by human colonic microbiota releasing their aglycones. Off J Eur Union 229:7–9Ĭonkova E, Laciakova A, Kovac G, Seidel H (2003) Fusarial toxins and their role in animal diseases. Ĭommission E (2006) Commission recommendation (EC) of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. īroekaert N, Devreese M, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S (2015) Modified Fusarium mycotoxins unmasked: from occurrence in cereals to animal and human excretion. Mol Nutr Food Res 57(1):165–186īinder SB, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Varga E et al (2017) Metabolism of zearalenone and its major modified forms in pigs. The obtained data would be of great importance for the safety assessment of modified mycotoxin, ZEN-14G, and provide another perspective for risk assessment of mycotoxin.īerthiller F, Crews C, Dall’Asta C et al (2013) Masked mycotoxins: a review. Additionally, a larger yield of 6-OH-ZEN-14G and 8-OH-ZEN-14G was also observed in human liver microsomes. Although interspecies differences in the biotransformation of ZEN-14G were observed, ZEN, α-ZEL-14G, β-ZEL-14G, α-ZEL, ZEN-14G-16GlcA and ZEN-14GlcA were the major metabolites of ZEN-14G. Furthermore, results showed that the major metabolic pathways of ZEN-14G were deglucosylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation.

#Chemistry zen 4 free#

What is more, ZEN-14G could be considerably deglucosidated into its free form of ZEN after the incubation with animals and human liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, which was mainly metabolized by human carboxylesterase CES-I and II. As a result, 29 phase I metabolites and 6 phase II metabolites were identified and significant inter-species metabolic differences were observed as well.

Additionally, in vivo metabolism of ZEN-14G was conducted in model animals, rats, by oral administration. To thoroughly investigate the metabolism of ZEN-14G, in vitro metabolism including phase I and phase II metabolism was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. However, the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G and whether it could be deglucosidated in the liver are unknown. It has been confirmed that the microflora could metabolize ZEN-14G to ZEN. Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), the modified mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN), has attracted considerable attention due to its high potential to be hydrolyzed into ZEN, which would exert toxicity.